Question:
It seems that Qur’an is requiring Muslims not to make Jews and Christians friends (auliya)
(5:51), but it is also requiring them to show good attitude (birr) towards them
in another passage (60:8). What is your view on this matter?
Answer:
I will let you know about the more popular traditional view on the subject first, and then
mention why that view is not acceptable to me. Finally you will get my
understanding on the subject.
A) The Popular View
Verse 5:51 of Qur’an has been translated thus: “O believers! Take neither Jews nor
Christians as your protecting friends (auliya): they are only protecting friends
of one another. Whoever of you disobeys this commandment will be counted as one
of them. Surely Allah does not guide the wrongdoers.”
Mawlana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani mentions in his Tafsir while explaining the
above-translated verse thus:
“Aulia is the plural of wali. Wali means a friend, some one close, as well as a helper. What
it means is that Muslims are expected not to make Jews, Christians, and all
other disbelievers (kuffar) their protecting friends, as has been clarified in
surah Nisaa. However, to deal with them with justice, politeness, generosity,
and decency is quite another matter. If believers feel it to be necessary, they
can have agreements of peace with all disbelievers, as has been mentioned in
verse 8: 61. Justice is meant to be done in case of all humans, whether Muslim
or non-Muslim. The attitude of politeness and decency can be demonstrated for
those non-Muslims who are not antagonistic towards Muslims. However, as far as
Muwalaat (i.e. confidence of friendship and brotherly help and support) is
concerned, no Muslim has a right to establish it with any non-Muslim.”
B) My Reservations
I have quite a few problems when I try to rationally understand this point of view in the light of
Qur’anic teachings. I will just mention a few of them here:
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Qur’an allows Muslim men to marry Jew and Christian ladies: “Likewise, marriage with
chaste free believing women and also chaste women among the People who were
given the Book before you is made lawful for you.” (5:5) It also tells
believing men to be good to their wives : “Treat them with kindness even if
you dislike them; it is quite possible that you dislike something in which Allah
has placed much good.” (4:19) It also tells us that good wives are the ones
that have the following attributes: “Honorable women are, therefore,
devoutly obedient and guard in the husband’s absence what Allah requires them to
guard (their husband’s property and their own honor).” (4:34) The Almighty
mentions the closeness of the husband-wife relationship in many different ways.
For instance, Qur’an says: “And of His signs, another one is that He
created for you mates from among yourselves that you may find comfort with
them” (30: 21) He also says “They (your wives) are an apparel for you
and you for them. ” (2:187)
I can’t understand how a good Muslim would be able to have very close relations with his non-Muslim
wife on the one hand and yet be able to maintain the caution that the
conventional point of view would like Muslims to have with non-Muslims. A lady
is either your wife or she is not. And what about one’s attitude towards the
in-law relatives? Are all of them to be treated with the same mysteriously
unclear attitude, which is neither friendly nor frank?
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Consider the following Qur’anic passage:
” Allah does not forbid you to be kind ( tabarru, birr) and equitable (tuqsitu, qist) to
those who had neither fought against your faith nor driven you out of your
homes. In fact Allah loves the equitable. (60:8) Allah only forbids you to make friends (wali) those who
fought you on account of your faith and drove you out of your homes and backed
up others in your expulsion. Those who will take them for friends are indeed the
wrongdoers.” (60: 9)
In the verse 60:9, Qur’an is requiring believers not to make friends those non-Muslims “who
fought you on account of your faith and drove you out of your homes and backed
up others in your expulsion.” In the previous verse, Qur’an allows Muslims
to be kind and equitable to those “who had neither fought against your
faith nor driven you out of your homes.” My question is this: Where is
Qur’an requiring Muslims not to make friends of those non-Muslims who “had
neither fought against your faith nor driven you out of your homes?” Where
is it said in this passage? When the categorical statement made is that only
those “who fought you on account of your faith and drove you out of your
homes and backed up others in your expulsion” can’t be made your friends,
how can we add anything else into this category, especially when that category
has been clearly defined as a distinct one of those people who can’t be made
friends? If the answer to it is that it has been mentioned elsewhere in Qur’an,
I would say that quite apart from the fact that the passages of Qur’an that have
been alleged to be making such statements have been improperly understood, why
has that not been mentioned in this passage, which was the most appropriate
occasion for the purpose of clarifying the matter? If the claim that Muslims
can’t make even good non-Muslims their friends, Qur’an should have said
something to this effect:
“Allah forbids you to make non-Muslims your friends. However, he does not forbid you to be kind
( tabarru, birr) and equitable (tuqsitu, qist) to those who had neither fought
against your faith nor driven you out of your homes. In fact Allah loves the
equitable.” Had that been the statement in the verse, the following verse
wouldn’t have been consistent with the rest of the passage: “Allah only
forbids you to make friends (wali) those who fought you on account of your faith
and drove you out of your homes and backed up others in your expulsion. Those
who will take them for friends are indeed the wrongdoers.” (60: 9)
Imagine you are telling someone “you can’t make thieves friends; as for honest people, you
can be good to them.” How on earth can you claim that this statement is
requiring that honest people too can’t be made friends? If there was another
category of people who were required not to be made friends, that category
should have been mentioned along with thieves.
On the basis of this understanding I strongly believe that the claim that Muslims are urged not
to make Jew and Christian friends irrespective of their attitude towards Islam
and Muslims is incorrect.
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Yet another problem I have with this understanding is that if you go by what this
understanding says, Islam seems to be a religion that is promoting tension and
hatred amongst humans. On the other hand, when you read Qur’an you find that the
Almighty wants humans to come close to one another as a family. If there is any
differentiation required to be maintained that has to be on the basis of piety.
Qur’an says: “O mankind! We created you from a single pair of a male and a
female, and made you into nations and tribes that you might get to know one
another. Surely the noblest of you in the sight of Allah is he who is the most
righteous. Allah is All-Knowledgeable, All-Aware.” (49:13)
It is on the basis of the high status Islam attaches to piety and God-consciousness that Qur’an
praises non-Muslims in several verses. For instance, Qur’an says:
Qur’an says
“Among the people of the Book there are those who if you trust them with a treasure, will return
it to you; and among them there are those who, if you trust them with a dinar,
will not return it to you, unless you keep standing over them.” (3:75)
“They are not all alike. Among the people of the Book there is a party who stand by their
covenant; they recite the Word of God in the hours of night and prostrate
themselves before Him. They believe in God and the Last Day, and enjoin good and
forbid evil, and hasten to vie with one another in good works. And these are
among the righteous.” (3:113)
“And surely among the People of the Book there are some who believe in God and in what has been
sent down to you and in what was sent down to them, humbling themselves before
Allah. They trade not the signs of God for a paltry price. It is these who shall
have their reward with their Lord. Surely God is swift in settling account.”
(3:199)
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Another problem with this view that considers all Jews and Christians as Kuffar (those who
deliberately reject faith) is that if you accept this view then you have to
accept that they are all the worst of all creatures according to Qur’an. The
Book of Allah says: “Surely those who disbelieve from among the people of
the Book and the Mushrikin (the polytheists) shall be in fire of hell, to dwell
therein forever. They are the worst of all creatures.” (98:6) Why, if the
other view is correct, is Qur’an requiring Muslims to “be kind and
equitable to those (non-believers) who had neither fought against your faith nor
driven you out of your homes”, when they are worst of creatures? Why have
some of them been praised so lavishly in the verses mentioned in point three
above?
C) The Correct View
I believe that the correct view in this regard is that Muslims are required to maintain cordial and
friendly relations with all good people, whether Muslims or non-Muslims, on the
basis of their behaviour towards Islam and towards Muslims. If there are
so-called Muslims around, who are making fun of Islam, Muslims are expected not
to be friendly with them too. On the other hand, if there are some good
non-Muslims who are respectful to Islam, there is no harm in making them
friends. In fact, Muslims should be friendly with them also with the purpose of
bringing them closer to Islam.
Qur’an has clarified the reason why some Jews and Christians can’t be made friends in the
following passage:
“O believers! Do not make your protecting friends those, from among the people who were given
the Book before you and the unbelievers, who have made your religion a mockery
or pastime, fear Allah if you are true believers. When you call for Salah
(prayers) they make it as an object of mockery and pastime; this is because they
are a people devoid of understanding.” (5:57-58)
It is the same instruction the Almighty has given to Muslims regarding the hypocrite
fellow-Muslims as well. Qur’an says “He has already revealed for you in the
Book that when you hear Allah’s revelations being denied or ridiculed by people,
you must not sit with them unless they change the topic of their talk, otherwise
you shall be considered guilty like them. Rest assured that Allah is going to
gather the hypocrites and the unbelievers all together in hell.” (4:140)
“What is the matter with you, why are you divided into two groups
concerning the hypocrites, while Allah has cast them off on account of their
misdeeds? Do you wish to guide those whom Allah has confounded? Whomever Allah
has confounded you cannot find a way for them to be guided.” (4:88)
I therefore strongly believe that Qur’an has mentioned the question of friendship to be
decided only on the basis of the merit of an individual’s conduct and character
rather than on a person’s apparent religious attachment. If a believer’s faith
is in jeopardy while in the company of a bad Muslim, he should avoid that
company, while if a believer’s character and faith are safe and secure in a
non-Muslim’s friendship which can moreover result in that non-Muslim’s
conversion to Islam, that Muslim would do well to continue to make him his
friend. The Almighty wants us to avoid the company of only such people whose
“… real wish is to see that you become a disbeliever, as they have
disbelieved, so that you may become exactly like them. So you should not take
friends from their ranks unless they immigrate in the way of Allah …”
(4:89) The Qur’an clarifies in another passage that such devious people are
only a few and not all the people of the Book. The Qur’an says: “O
believers! If you were to obey a group of those who were given the Book,
they will turn you back from belief to unbelief.” (3:100)
And Allah knows the truth. Wallahau ‘Alamu Bithawab.